Alzheimer’s disease is an inherent, natural part of human brain aging : an integrated perspective. In: Free Neuropathology. Jg.3. 8.7.2022
Inhalt
- Index
- Summary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. β-amyloid and Tau
- 3. Familial AD (fAD; early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease: EOFAD), and the β-amyloid cascade hypothesis
- 4. Sporadic AD (sAD; Late-onset Alzheimer disease: LOAD)
- 5. NFTs and SPs in non-human brain aging
- 6. Synapses
- 7. Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and related receptors
- 7a. Acetylcholine (Ach) and acetylcholine receptors (AChR)
- 7b. Glutamate and glutamate receptors (GluRs)
- 7c. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA receptors
- 7d. Serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors
- 7e. Noradrenergic system
- 7f. Adenosine receptors
- 7g. Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs)
- 8. Trophic factors and receptors
- 9. Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- 10. Failure to remove debris: the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy in sAD
- 11. Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD)
- 12. Glial alterations in aging and sAD
- 13. The neurovascular system in AD
- 14. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in sAD
- 15. Epigenetics in brain aging and sAD
- 16. Microorganisms and sAD
- 17. Seeding and spreading of β-amyloid and tau
- 17a. Seeding β-amyloid
- 17b. Tau seeding
- 17c. Multiple seeding foci of β-amyloid and tau pathology; vulnerable and resistant populations to tau seeding in brain aging and sAD
- 18. Neuronal death
- 19. Neuronal connectivity networks in brain aging and sAD
- 20. Human brain aging and preclinical AD
- 21. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART), rapidly progressive sAD, and sAD resilience
- 22. Biochemical changes beyond tau and β-amyloid at the the first stages of NFT pathology
- 22a. Aberrant cell-cycle re-entry, and altered adult neurogenesis
- 22b. Brain lipids
- 22c. Lipid rafts and cell membranes
- 22d. Mitochondria
- 22e. Oxidative stress damage
- 22f. Inflammation
- 22g. Protein synthesis impairment
- 22h. Dysregulated protein phosphorylation
- 23. Concluding comments
- Abbreviations
- Funding
- Acknowledgements
- References