Inhalt

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   Acknowledgements
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   Summary
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   Table of Contents
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   List of Tables
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   List of Figures
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   Abbreviations
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  Chapter 1 Introduction
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   1.1 Background
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   1.2 Method, Research Questions, and Scope
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   1.3 Overview of the Thesis
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  Chapter 2 Theoretical and Research Background
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  2.1 Theoretical Underpinnings: The Paradigm of World Englishes
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   2.1.1 Introduction
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  2.1.2 Models of World Englishes
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   2.1.2.1 Kachru’s three concentric circles model.
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   2.1.2.2 Going beyond geographical and historical boundaries.
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   2.1.2.3 Globalisation and varieties of English.
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   2.1.2.4 Internet communication and post-varieties approach.
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   2.1.2.5 Explaining the evolution of Englishes.
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   2.1.3 Section summary and research implications
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  2.2 Pakistani English
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   2.2.1 Historical domains and usage of English
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   2.2.2 English in language and education policy
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   2.2.3 English in media
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   2.2.4 Previous research on Pakistani English
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   2.2.5 Section summary and identification of research gap
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  2.3 Methodological Framework: Register Variation and MD Analysis
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  2.3.1 Defining register
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   2.3.1.1 Language and variation.
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   2.3.1.2 History of the term ‘register’.
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   2.3.1.3 Narrow and wide view of register.
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   2.3.1.4 Register, genre, style, and text types.
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  2.3.2 Study of register in various research designs
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   2.3.2.1 Three research designs.
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   2.3.2.2 Study of register in variationist linguistics.
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   2.3.2.3 Study of register in text linguistics.
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  2.3.3 MD analysis
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   2.3.3.1 MD analysis versus previous work on register.
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   2.3.3.2 Steps involved in a MD analysis.
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   2.3.3.3 MD analysis and other dimensionality reduction techniques.
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   2.3.3.4 Using MD analysis to study World Englishes.
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   2.3.4 Section summary
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  2.4 Research Background: Previous relevant Studies
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  2.4.1 Blogs
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   2.4.1.1 The word ‘blog’.
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   2.4.1.2 Blogs versus other (web) registers.
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   2.4.1.3 Types of blogs.
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   2.4.1.4 MD studies on blogs.
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   2.4.1.5 Other studies on blogs.
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   2.4.2 Opinion columns and news reports
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  2.4.3 Interactive online registers
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   2.4.3.1 Computer-mediated communication versus spoken conversations.
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   2.4.3.2 Microblogging: Facebook and Twitter.
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   2.4.3.3 MD studies on Facebook and Twitter posts.
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   2.4.3.4 MD studies on discussion forums and comments.
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   2.4.3.5 Other studies on interactive online registers.
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   2.4.4 Spoken conversations
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   2.4.5 Section summary
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   2.5 Summary and Conclusion
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  Chapter 3 Data Collection
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  3.1 Issues before Data Collection
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   3.1.1 Selection of register categories
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   3.1.2 Selection of a native variety of English for regional comparison
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   3.1.3 Use of existing corpora in data collection
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   3.1.4 Time period
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  3.2 Corpus Compilation
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   3.2.1 Identification of sources for online registers
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   3.2.2 Data downloading
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   3.2.3 Text and text length
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   3.2.4 Sampling techniques
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   3.2.5 Text sampling I
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   3.2.6 Editing and review
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   3.2.7 Text sampling II
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   3.3 Selection of Features
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   3.4 Summary and Outlook
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  Chapter 4 Situational Characteristics of Online and Offline Registers
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   4.1 Defining a Framework for Situational Analysis
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   4.2 Online versus Offline Registers
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   4.3 Situational Description of Online and Offline Registers
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   4.3.1 Individual blogs
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   4.3.2 News blogs
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   4.3.3 New media blogs
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   4.3.4 Technology blogs
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   4.3.5 Opinion columns and news reports
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   4.3.6 Comments
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   4.3.7 Facebook groups
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   4.3.8 Facebook status updates
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   4.3.9 Tweets
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   4.3.10 Spoken conversations
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   4.4 Summary and Conclusion
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  Chapter 5 Data Analysis
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  5.1 Multidimensional Analysis
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   5.1.1 Two types of MD studies and motivation for a new MD analysis
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   5.1.2 New MD analysis: data screening and selection of linguistic features
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   5.1.3 New MD analysis: performing EFA
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   5.1.4 Calculation of dimension scores
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  5.1.5 From factors to dimensions: interpreting the factors
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   5.1.5.1 Dimension 1 Oral versus Literate Discourse.
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   5.1.5.2 Dimension 2 Conversational Style.
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   5.1.5.3 Dimension 3 Abstract Evaluative versus Non-Abstract Information.
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   5.1.5.4 Dimension 4 Reporting Style.
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   5.1.5.5 Dimension 5 Narrative Focus
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  5.1.6 Comparing online and offline registers: blogs versus columns and news
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   5.1.6.1 Blogs versus columns and news on dimension 1.
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   5.1.6.2 Blogs versus columns and news on dimension 2.
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   5.1.6.3 Blogs versus columns and news on dimension 3.
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   5.1.6.4 Blogs versus columns and news on dimension 4.
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   5.1.6.5 Blogs versus columns and news on dimension 5.
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   5.1.6.6 Blogs versus columns and news: section summary.
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  5.1.7 Comparing online and offline registers: online interactive registers versus spoken conversations
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   5.1.7.1 Interactive registers on dimension 1.
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   5.1.7.2 Interactive registers on dimension 2.
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   5.1.7.3 Interactive registers on dimension 3.
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   5.1.7.4 Interactive register on dimension 4.
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   5.1.7.5 Interactive registers on dimension 5.
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   5.1.7.6 Interactive registers: section summary.
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   5.1.8 Gender differences in online registers
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   5.1.8.1 Gender differences in online registers on dimension 1 Oral versus Literate Discourse.
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   5.1.8.2 Gender differences in online registers on dimension 3 Abstract Evaluative versus Non-Abstract Information.
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   5.1.8.3 Gender differences: section summary.
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   5.1.9 Case study: chronological differences in technology blogs
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   5.1.9.1 Chronological differences in technology blogs on dimension 1 Oral versus Literate Discourse.
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   5.1.9.2 Chronological differences in technology blogs on dimension 4 Reporting Style.
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   5.1.9.3 Chronological differences in technology blogs: section summary.
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   5.1.10 A summary of findings of MD analysis
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   5.2 Finding Text Types using Cluster Analysis
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   5.2.1 The rationale behind text types
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   5.2.2 Prerequisites of CA: clustering method, cluster-ability, and number of clusters
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   5.2.3 Results and limitations of CA
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   5.2.4 Interpretation of cluster results: Text Types
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   5.2.5 Distribution of text types across online registers
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   5.2.6 Text Types: summary
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  5.3 Regional Variation Using Canonical Discriminant Analysis
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   5.3.1 Canonical discriminant analysis
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   5.3.2 Prerequisites and performing CDA
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   5.3.3 CDA results and interpretation
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   5.3.4 Distribution of online and offline registers on discriminant 1 of CDA
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   5.3.5 Summary of CDA
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   5.4 Conclusion and Summary of Findings
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  Chapter 6 Functions of Code Switching in Online Registers of Pakistani English
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   6.1 Background
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   6.1.1 Types of code switching
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   6.1.2 Conversational code switching
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   6.1.3 Functions of conversational code switching
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   6.1.4 Functions of code switching in online registers
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   6.1.5 Developing a taxonomy for the present analysis
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   6.2 Data Collection and Coding
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   6.3 Analysis of Code Switching with Examples
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   6.3.1 Tags
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   6.3.2 Lexical
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   6.3.3 Quotation
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   6.3.4 Free
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   6.3.5 Emphatic
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   6.3.6 Addressee Specification
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   6.3.7 Message Qualification
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   6.4 Discussion and Conclusion
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  Chapter 7 Discussion and Conclusion
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   7.1 Introduction
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   7.2 Synthesising and Linking Results
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  7.2.1 Synthesising results: individual registers
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   7.2.1.1 Individual blogs.
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   7.2.1.2 News blogs.
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   7.2.1.3 New media blogs.
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   7.2.1.4 Technology blogs.
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   7.2.1.5 Comments.
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   7.2.1.6 Facebook groups.
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   7.2.1.7 Facebook status updates.
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   7.2.1.8 Tweets.
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   7.2.2 Synthesising results: the variety
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  7.3 Connecting with World Englishes Theory and Scholarship
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   7.3.1 Models of World Englishes and present findings
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   7.3.2 Localised interactions in a global space
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   7.3.3 The case for communicative situation and MD framework
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   7.3.4 The nature of digital Englishes
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   7.4 Advantages of the Study
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   7.5 Limitations of the Study
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   7.6 Recommendations for Future Research
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   References
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   Appendix I Additional Figures
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   Appendix II Linguistic Features
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   Appendix III Spelling Corrections
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   Appendix IV Sources
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   Appendix V Curriculum Vitae - Muhammad Shakir