Content

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   Abstract
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   Zusammenfassung
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   Contents
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   List of figures
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   List of tables
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   List of acronyms
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   1 Introduction
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  2 Particle Physics
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  2.1 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
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   2.1.1 Particles in the Standard Model
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   2.1.2 Interactions of Particles
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   2.1.3 Unanswered Questions of the Standard Model
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   2.1.4 Supersymmetrical Standard Model
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   2.2 The International Linear Collider
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   2.2.1 Motivation for a Linear Collider
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   2.2.2 Technical Parameters of the ILC
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   2.2.3 International Large Detector
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   2.3 Physics at the ILC
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   2.3.1 Higgs Mechanism at ILC
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   2.3.2 SUSY at ILC
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  3 Interaction of Particles with Matter
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   3.1 Interaction of Photons with Gas Atoms
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   3.1.1 Double Photon Absorption
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  3.2 Interaction of Charged Particles with Gas Atoms
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   3.2.1 Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Gas Atoms
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   3.2.2 Interaction of Light Charged Particles with Gas Atoms
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   3.2.3 Number of Created Electron-Ion Pairs
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  3.3 Motion of Charge Carriers in Gases
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   3.3.1 Drift Velocity of Electrons
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   3.3.2 Drift of Ions
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   3.4 Diffusion
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   3.4.1 Diffusion in Electric Fields
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   3.4.2 Diffusion in Magnetic Fields
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   3.5 Properties of Different Gas Mixtures
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   3.5.1 Conditions for the Nobel Gas
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   3.5.2 Conditions for the Quencher
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  4 Time Projection Chamber
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   4.1 Working Principle of a Time Projection Chamber
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   4.2 Primary Ionisation in the TPC
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  4.3 Methods of Gas Amplification
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   4.3.1 Multi-Wires
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   4.3.2 MicroMegas
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   4.3.3 Gas Electron Multipliers
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   4.3.4 GEM Stack
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   4.3.5 Discharge Possibility
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   4.3.6 Carbon Coated GEMs
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   4.4 Ion Back Drift in TPCs
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  4.5 Possible Readout Systems for TPC
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   4.5.1 Readout with Pads
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   4.5.2 Readout with Pixel chip
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   4.6 Advantages of a TPC
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   4.7 TPC for the International Large Detector
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  5 Experimental Setup in Siegen
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  5.1 High Voltage and Gas System
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   5.1.1 High Voltage System
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   5.1.2 Gas System
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   5.2 The Test Chamber
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   5.2.1 Mechanical Overview
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   5.2.2 Pad Plane for Signal Readout
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   5.3 The TPC Prototype
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  5.4 Properties of the GEMs used at Siegen
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   5.4.1 Properties of Standard GEMs
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   5.4.2 Properties of Carbon Coated GEMs
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   5.5 The Timepix-Chip
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   5.5.1 Internal Structure of the Timepix-Chip
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   5.5.2 USB Readout System
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   5.5.3 Virtex-6 FPGA ML605
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   5.5.4 Software for the Readout
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   5.6 Scintillator Hodoscope for TPC Prototype
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   5.7 Ionisation Methods
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   5.7.1 UV-Laser
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   5.7.2 X-Ray-Sources
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   5.7.3 Beta-Ray-Sources
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   5.7.4 Cosmic Muons
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  6 Calibration of Timepix Chip
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   6.1 Timepix Operating Software
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   6.2 Threshold Equalisation
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   6.3 Charge Calibration
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   6.4 Timewalk Compensation
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   6.5 Threshold Offset Calibration
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   6.6 Time Delay Compensation
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  7 Carbon Coated GEMs
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   7.1 Creation of Carbon Layers
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   7.2 Investigation of Carbon Coating
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   7.3 Experimental Setup
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   7.4 Pad Readout Calibration of Test Chamber
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   7.5 Measurement of GEM Behaviours
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   7.6 Long Time Measurements of Gain Stability
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  8 Data with TPC Prototype
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   8.1 Calibration with USB device
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  8.2 Data with USB Device
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   8.2.1 Laser Measurements
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   8.2.2 Source Measurements
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  8.3 Data Taking with Virtex 6 Readout System
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   8.3.1 Measurement of the Drift Velocity
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   8.3.2 Measurements with Cosmic Muons
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   8.4 MarlinTPC
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   8.5 Data Analysis with MarlinTPC
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   8.5.1 Conversion Chain
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   8.5.2 Calibration Chain
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   8.5.3 Reconstruction Chain
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   8.5.4 Analysis Chain
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   9 Conclusion and Outlook
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  A TOS Commands
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   A.1 Commands for Initialisation of Chip
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   A.2 Commands for Threshold Equalisation
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   A.3 Commands for Charge Calibration
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   A.4 Commands for TimeWalk Compensation
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   A.5 Commands for Triggered/Untriggered Measurement
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   A.6 List of other Commands
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  B LCIO Parameterisation
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   B.1 Calculation of d0
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   B.2 Calculation of z0
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   B.3 Calculation of
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   B.4 Calculation of
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  C Calibration and Measurement Results
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   C.1 Charge Calibration for Test Chamber
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   C.2 Charge Distributions for Different Voltages
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   C.3 Time Distribution for Different Voltages
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  D TPC at University of Siegen
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   D.1 Small Test Chamber
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   D.2 Large TPC Prototype
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   D.3 Printed Circuit Board as Base for Test Chamber
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   D.4 Virtex 6 FPGA Setup
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  E Data with TPC Prototype
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   E.1 Data with Virtex 6 using using cosmic muons
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  F Carbon Coating
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   F.1 Correlation between Gas Gain and Temperature resp. Pressure
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   F.2 Correlation between Gas Gain and GEM Voltage
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   F.3 SICON Data Sheet
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   F.4 Carbon Coating inside GEM Holes
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   Bibliography