Inhalt

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   Preface
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   References
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   Contents
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   List of Authors
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  HEALTH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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   HEALTH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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  THE ROLE AND ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH
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   Introduction
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   Health care services and health services organizations
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   What is a health system?
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   Models of national health care systems based on the sources of
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   Levels of organization of health care systems and health care delivery
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   Outpatient Care
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   Outpatient institutions and services
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   In-patient care and institutions
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   Classification of hospitals
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   Functions of the hospitals
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   Three generations of health care system reforms
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   EXERCISE: The Role and Organization of Health Care System
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   References
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  HEALTH CARE SYSTEM OF THE FEDERATION
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   Introduction
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   Method
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   Demographic indicators
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   Socioeconomic indicators
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   Health care system reform
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   Health system organization
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   Survey of health professionals in FB&H in comparison with some
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   Primary health care
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   Specialist's or consultant's health care
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   Hospital care
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   Funding
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   Conclusions
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   EXERCISE: Health Care System of the Federation of Bosnia and
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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   ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS - THE CORE
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   Background
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   Defining Electronic Health Record
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   Building Electronic Health Records
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   Necessary context blocks
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   Necessary building blocks
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   Benefits of Electronic Health Records
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   Difficulties and risks associated with Electronic Health Records
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   National approaches: examples
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   EXERCISE: EHR Development - Data Storage, Data Privacy and Security
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   GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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  HEALTH INDICATORS AND HEALTH
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   Classification and evaluation method of indicators
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   The types of different indicator sets
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   Indicator classification and evaluation methods
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   Types of indicators
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   Quality criteria for health indicators
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   Main categories of an indicator set
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   Methods of comparison and benchmarking
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   The use of health indicators for health reporting
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   EXERCISE: Health Indicators and Health Reporting
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   References
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   Databases for health indicators
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  QUALITY OF LIFE: CONCEPT AND
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   Definition of Quality of Life and Health Related Quality of Life
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   Measuring Quality of Life
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   The instruments for measuring Quality of Life
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   Generic questionnaire SF – 36
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   Standardization Procedure of SF – 36
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   Specific questionnaire – The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure
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   The Steps in the Cultural Adaptation: an Example of Serbian
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   Forward translation
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   Backward translation
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   Patient Testing or Cognitive Debriefing
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   EXERCISE: Measuring Quality of Life
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   LIVING WITH HEART FAILURE QUESTIONNAIRE
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   LIVING WITH HEART FAILURE QUESTIONNAIRE
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   References and Recommended Readings
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  DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS: A
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   Definitions and basic concepts
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   Health Status Assessment by use of DALY
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   EXERCISE: Disability-Adjusted Life Years as a Key Tool for the Analysis
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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  CALCULATING THE POTENTIAL YEARS OF
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   The concept of premature death - historical background
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   Computing methods for PYLL
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   Main domains where PYLL is a useful tool
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   Examples from Romania
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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   CASE STUDY: INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH AS
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   EXERCISE: Inequalities in Health in the European Region: What Can the
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   References
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  HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
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   Origins
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   What is health technology?
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   What is health technology assessment?
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   What is the purpose of health technology assessment?
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   Is it health technology assessment or a different approach that is
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   What are the main elements of HTA analysis?
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   When are health technology assessment requested?
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   What is the role of ethics in health technology assessment?
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   How is health technology assessment conducted?
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   Selected issues in health technology assessment
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  Case Example:
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   Step 1. Identify and rank assessment topics
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   Step 2. Specify assessment problem.
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   Step 3. Determine locus of assessment.
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   Step 4. Retrieve available evidence.
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   Step 5. Collect primary data.
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   Step 6. Interpret evidence.
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   Step 7. Synthesize and consolidate evidence.
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   Step 8. Formulate findings and recommendations.
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   Step 9. Disseminate the findings and recommendations.
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   Step 10. Monitor impact of assessment reports.
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   EXERCISES: Introduction to Health Technology Assessment
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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   COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL
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  2) Moravian-Silesian Region – Czech Republic
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   2.1 Demography
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   2.2 Organisation and structure of the health system
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   2.3 Measles immunisation programmes
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   2.4 Breast cancer screening programmes
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  5) North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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   5.1 Demography
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   5.2 Organisation and structure of the health care system
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   5.3 Measles vaccination programmes
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   5.4 Breast cancer screening programmes
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  6) Eastern / Midland / North-Eastern Regions – Ireland
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   6.1 Demography
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   6.2 Organisation and structure of the regional
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   6.3 Measles immunisation programmes
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   6.4 Breast cancer screening programmes
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  7) Veneto – Italy
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   7.1 Demography
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   7.2 Organisation and structure of the health care system
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   7.3 Measles immunisation programmes
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   7.4 Breast cancer screening programmes
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   EXERCISE: Comparative Research on Regional Health Systems in Europe
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   References
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   HEALTH SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
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  HEALTH MANAGEMENT: THEORY AND
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   Development of management theory
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   Development of interest for health services management
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   Characteristics of managing health services organizations
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   Definition and key management components
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   Planning in management
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   Organizing in management
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   Staffing in management
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   Leadership in management
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   Controlling in management
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   Skills of modern managers in health services organizations
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   EXERCISE: Managing Health Services Organizations
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   References and Recommended Readings
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  HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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   Fundamentals of human resource management
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   Staffing function
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   Training and development function
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   Motivation function
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   Maintenance / retaining function
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   Performance appraisal principles are:
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   EXERCISE: Human Resource Management
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   References
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   Recommended readings
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  INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
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   Definitions and basic concepts
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   Existing types of applications in the medical field
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   Managerial cycle and information support
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   Types of decisions and the related information systems
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   EXERCISE: Management of Information Systems
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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   FINANCING OF HEALTH CARE
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   Markets in Health Care
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   The health care triangle
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   Basic sources for financing of health care
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   The Role of the State in Financing of Health Care
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   The Role of the Health Insurance in Financing of Health Care
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   The Role of the Private Sources in Financing of Health Care
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   External Sources for Financing of Health Care
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   EXERCISE: Financing of Health Care
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   References
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   Recommended readings
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   PAYMENT METHODS AND REGULATION
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   Resource allocation according to needs
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   Basic Arrangements for Resource Allocation
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   Payment for Primary Health Care (PHC) Providers
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   Payment and Regulation of Hospitals and Other Health Facilities
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   Conclusion
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   EXERCISE: Financing of Health Care and Regulation of Providers
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   References
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   CASE STUDY: THE CURRENT HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEM
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   Modalities of becoming an Insured through Obligatory Health
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   Rights from the Obligatory Health Insurance
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   Realization of the Rights to Health Care
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   Resources for Health Financing
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   User Participation in Health Care Expenses (Co-payment)
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   Payment to the Health Care Providers
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   Revenues and Expenditures of the Health Insurance Fund in the Year
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   Health Insurance System in the Health Care Reform in Macedonia
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   EXERCISE: Specificities of the Current Health Insurance System in the Republic of Macedonia
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   References
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  CASE STUDY: SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE SERBIAN HEALTH
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   Current trends in health care system reforms
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   Historical background of the Health Insurance System development
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   Strengths
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   Weaknesses
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   Opportunities
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   Threats
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   EXERCISE: How can the Health Insurance Management be restructured?
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   References and Recommended Readings
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  ECONOMIC APPRAISAL AS A BASIS FOR
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   Health Care and limited resources
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   Allocation of limited resources
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   Main Features of Health Economics
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   Economic Appraisal as an Instrument for supporting Decision Making
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   The Concept of Value and Efficiency
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   Costs, Costing Problems and Outcomes
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   The Methods of Economic Evaluation
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   Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
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   Cost-Benefit Analysis
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   Quality of Life Analysis
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   Cost-Utility Analysis
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   Cost of Illness Study
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   Decision Rules: How to determine Efficiency?
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   How to make choices
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   Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
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   Discounting of cost and benefits
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   How to perform an Economic Appraisal?
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   Stages in Economic Evaluation
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   The Research Question
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   The Study Population
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   The Study Perspective
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   Data Sources
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   Quality Assurance
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   EXERCISE: Health Economics
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   References
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   Recommended reading
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   QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH CARE
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   Development of quality concept
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   Tools for quality improvement
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   Strategies and models
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   Current state of art in quality improvement and the role of public
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   EXERCISE: Quality Improvement in Health Care and Public Health
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   References
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   Recommended Readings
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   ACCREDITATION OF HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
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  Models of external tools for quality improvement in health care
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   1. ISO model
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   2. EFQM model
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   3. Visitation programme
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   4. Accreditation
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   Concept of accreditation – advantages and limitations
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   Accreditation procedure
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   International projects and experiences with accreditation in European
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   References
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  PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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  Characteristics of the project
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   1. A project creates change.
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   2. A project has various goals and objectives.
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   3. A project is unique.
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   4. A project is limited in time and scope.
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   5. A project involves a variety of resources.
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   The phases of project management
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   1. Initiation (pre-planning) phase
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   1.1. Situational Analysis
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   1.2. Health problems identification
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   1.3. Priority setting
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   1.4. Establish goal and objectives
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   1.5. Feasibility Study
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   1.6. Preliminary brief
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   2. Detailed planning and scheduling
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   3. Implementation
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   4. Completion
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   EXERCISE: Project Management
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   References and Recommended Readings
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   PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF HEALTH
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   1. Specific issues related to the planning process
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   2. Preparing a plan - steps in the planning process
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   2.1. Stating the Mission (problem statement)
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   2.2. Analyzing the External Environment
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   2.3. Conducting the SWOT Analysis
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   2.4. Establishing Goals and Objectives
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   2.5. Preparing a Financial Plan and a Budget
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  3. Programme monitoring and evaluation
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   3.1. Monitoring
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   3.2. Evaluation
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   EXERCISE: Planning and Programming in Health Care
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   References
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   Recommended readings
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   Useful Internet Sites
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   HEALTH POLICY
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   INFORMED HEALTH POLICY AND SYSTEM
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   Health policy goals and priorities
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   The role of the state and the ministry of health
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   The position of decentralization in the health policy
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   Recommendation for the health policy changes
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   Redefined roles of the state and of the ministry of health
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   Providing the decentralization process at all levels
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   Application of modern management at the system and institutional
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   Education of managers for the new health policy
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   EXERCISE: Health Policy
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   References
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   PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORK IN THE
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   The current legal basis for Public Health
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   Development and implementation of European Union Public Health
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   The view of people and experts regarding European Public Health
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   The policies
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   EXERCISE: Public Health in the European Union
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   References
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   Recommended readings
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  TARGETS FOR HEALTH DEVELOPMENT
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   Introduction
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   Some Principles
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   History
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   Health21 – the renewed health target strategy of the WHO for the new
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   Target programmes of members of the Healthy Region Network
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   Selection of national approaches
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   Some further regional target programmes
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   Selection of local health target programmes
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   How to develop a target programme
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   Different types of target programmes
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   Networking for pragmatic support
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   Diagnostic tools
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   Some final remarks
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   EXERCISE: Health Targets
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   References
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   Internet Linkpage
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  HEALTH LEGISLATION: PROCEDURES
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   Classification and short description of the legal regulations
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   Classifications
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   General abstract legal regulations
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   The legislative procedures
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   The procedures for enacting a law: the Republic of Slovenia case
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  Regular procedure
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   1. Proposal of a law
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   2. First reading
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   3. Second reading
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   4. Third reading
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   5. Voting on a law
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   Fast-track procedure
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   Reconsideration of a law
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   The procedure for the obligatory explanation of law
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   Publication of adopted legal regulations
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   Ratification of international treaties
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   The contests, regulated by health legislation
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   Review of health legislation in Slovenia
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   EXERCISE: Health Legislation – Basic Knowledge
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   References
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   Recommended Readings