Inhalt

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  CHAPTER 1 Introduction
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   1.1 Speech and Language impairment
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   1.2 Objectives of the study
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   1.3 Overview
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  CHAPTER 2 The contribution of phonological theories
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   2.1 Introduction
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   2.2 Speech assessment as error analysis
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   2.3 Contrastive analysis: comparing phonological systems
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   2.3.1 Analysis of the child's individual phonological system
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   2.3.2 Assessment of the child's individual phonological system
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   2.4 Distinctive feature analysis of atypical speech
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   2.5 Generative phonology
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   2.5.1 GP and the language acquisition device
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   2.5.2 GP and child speech
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   2.6 Natural Phonology and child speech
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   2.7 Optimality theory
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   2.7.1 The nature of OT constraints
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   2.7.2 OT and child speech
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   2.8 NP, PHB and OT: similarities and differences
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   2.9 Summary
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  CHAPTER 3 Natural phonology, phonology as human behaviour and SLI
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   3.1 Introduction
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   3.2 Processes versus rules
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   3.3 Phonological processes in Natural Phonology
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   3.3.1 Ontology and teleology
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   3.3.2 Natural application of processes
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   3.3.3 Constraints on process application
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  3.3.4 Types of the phonological processes
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   3.3.4.1 Fortitions vs. lenitions
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   3.4 Natural Phonology and functionalism
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  3.5 Natural Linguistics as a preference theory
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   3.5.1 Stampe (1973)
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   3.5.2 Dressler (1997, 1999a)
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   3.5.3 Vennemann (1983, 1988)
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   3.5.4 Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (2002)
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   3.6 The universals-to-performance quintuple
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   3.6.1 The universality of natural processes
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   3.7 NP: Application of theory
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   3.8 Combining NP and PHB in natural phonological processes
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  3.9 Phonology as Human Behaviour: applying theory to clinic
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   3.9.1 Introduction: Diver (1979, 1995) and PHB
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  3.9.2 Theoretical and methodological conclusions within PHB
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   3.9.2.1 Parameters and principles: Tobin (2002)
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   3.9.3 Quantitative results derived PHB: Tobin (2002)
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   3.10 Summary
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  CHAPTER 4 Modern Standard Arabic and JA
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   4.1 Arabic phonology: Introduction
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   4.2 The phonetic inventory
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   4.3 Syllable and stress patterns
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   4.4 The acquisition of Arabic consonants
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   4.5 Features of JA
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  4.5.1 Verb morphology in MSA and JA
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   4.5.1.1 Verb morphology in MSA
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   4.5.1.2 Verb morphology in JA
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   4.5.1.3 Agreement paradigms in MSA
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   4.5.1.4 Agreement paradigms in JA
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  4.5.2 Negation in MSA and JA
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   4.5.2.1 Negation in MSA
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   4.5.2.2 Negation in JA
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   4.6 Summary
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  CHAPTER 5 Phonological processes in child speech
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   5.1 Introduction
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  5.2 Literature review and previous work
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   5.2.1 Language acquisition in normally developing systems
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   5.2.2 The nature of atypical language systems cross-linguistically
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   5.2.3 Cross linguistic patterns in delayed and deviant phonology
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   5.2.4 Phonological processes in typical and atypical systems
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   5.2.5 Descriptive diagnostic classifications of phonological disorders
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   5.3 Phonological representations in AMN children
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   5.4 Phonological representations in SLI children
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   5.5 Developmental phonological disorders
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   5.6 Summary
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  CHAPTER 6 The study: design and methods
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   6.1 Introduction
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  6.2 Previous work
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   6.2.1 Sound changes in Arabic-speaking typically developing children
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   6.2.2 Phonological impairment in Arabic-speaking children
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   6.3 Methods and procedures
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  6.4 The experimental design
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   6.4.1 The descriptive-developmental approach
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   6.4.2 Data collection methods
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  6.5 The study
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   6.5.1 Goals overview
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   6.5.2 Objectives of the field study
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   6.5.3 Brief timetable
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  6.5.4 Activities description
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   6.5.4.1 Kinds of meetings
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   6.5.4.2 Kinds of recordings
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   6.5.5 Summary of the methodological design
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  CHAPTER 7 The study: phonological processes in AMN children
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   7.1 Introduction
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  7.2 The phonetic inventory and substitutions in AMN children
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   7.2.1 A1: Two-year-old child
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   7.2.2 A2: Three-year-old child
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   7.2.3 A3: Four-year-old child
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   7.2.4 A4: Five-year-old child
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   7.3 Chronology of phonology in typical development in JA
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   7.4 Summary
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  CHAPTER 8 The study: phonological processes in SLI children
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   8.1 Introduction
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   8.2 The characteristics of the phonology of SLI children in JA
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   8.3 Phonological processes in SLI children according to the theories of NP and PHB
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  8.3.1 Substitution processes
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  8.3.1.1 Processes reflecting the substitution of active articulators
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   8.3.1.1.1 Fronting
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   8.3.1.1.2 Backing
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   8.3.1.2 Processes changing the degree of turbulence/airflow
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   8.3.1.2.1 Stopping
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   8.3.1.2.2 De-emphasis
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   8.3.1.2.3 Spirantization
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   8.3.1.2.4 Affrication and deaffrication
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   8.3.1.2.5 Gliding
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   8.3.1.2.6 Lateralization
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   8.3.1.2.7 Glottal replacement
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   8.3.1.2.8 Vowel neutralization
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  8.3.2 Phonological processes influencing syllable structure
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   8.3.2.1 Consonant cluster reduction
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   8.3.2.2 Syllable-final consonant deletion
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   8.3.2.3 Unstressed syllable deletion
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   8.3.2.4 Coalescence
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   8.3.2.5 Metathesis and epenthesis
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   8.3.3 Assimilation processes
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  8.3.3.1 Consonant harmony
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   8.3.3.1.1 Labialization
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   8.3.3.1.2 Velarization
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   8.3.3.1.3 Nasalization
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   8.3.3.2 Prevocalic voicing
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   8.3.3.3 Final consonant devoicing
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   8.4 The phonetic inventory of children with atypical phonological development
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   8.5 Patterns of the phonological processes in SLI speech
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  8.5.1 Phonological processes and phonetic inventories in SLI participants
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   8.5.1.1 B1
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   8.5.1.2 B2
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   8.5.1.3 B3
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   8.5.1.4 B4
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   8.5.1.5 B5
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   8.5.1.6 B6
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   8.5.1.7 B7
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   8.6 Comparison with SLI in previous studies for JA
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  CHAPTER 9 Results and Discussion
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   9.1 Introduction
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  9.2 The Length of stressed/unstressed syllables in AMN/SLI speech
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   9.2.1 The design of the experiment
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   9.2.2 The hypothesis
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   9.2.3 The implementation phase
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   9.2.4 Duration patterns of stressed/unstressed syllables in SLI and AMN
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   9.3 Characterizing phonological disability in JA
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   9.3.1 typical and atypical phonology in JA; features and characteristics
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   9.3.1.1 Persisting normal processes
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   9.3.1.2 Chronological mismatches
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   9.3.1.3 Unusual and idiosyncratic processes
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   9.3.2 Deviant and delayed phonological development in JA
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   9.3.3 SLI within Arabic-specific rules, NP, PHB constraints
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   9.4 Summary of the major findings
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   9.5 Recommendations for future research